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Plut. Aratos 41.1 – 43.3, 44.1 – 44.3, 45.1 – 45.2 – Original:
τῷ δὲ Ἀράτῳ συνῆλθον εἰς Σικυῶνα τῶν Ἀχαιῶν οὐ πολλοί:1 καὶ γενομένης ἐκκλησίας ᾑρέθη στρατηγὸς αὐτοκράτωρ, καὶ περιεστήσατο φρουρὰν ἐκ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ πολιτῶν, τριάκοντα μὲν ἔτη καὶ τρία πεπολιτευμένος ἐν τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς, πεπρωτευκὼς δὲ καὶ δυνάμει καὶ δόξῃ τῶν Ἑλλήνων, τότε δὲ ἔρημος καὶ ἄπορος συντετριμμένος, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ ναυαγίου τῆς πατρίδος ἐν τοσούτῳ σάλῳ καὶ κινδύνῳ διαφερόμενος. [2] καὶ γὰρ Αἰτωλοὶ δεομένου βοηθεῖν ἀπείπαντο, καὶ τὴν Ἀθηναίων πόλιν χάριτι τοῦ Ἀράτου πρόθυμον οὖσαν οἱ περὶ Εὐρυκλείδην καὶ Μικίωνα διεκώλυσαν. ὄντων δὲ τῷ Ἀράτῳ καὶ χρημάτων ἐν Κορίνθῳ καὶ οἰκίας, ὁ Κλεομένης ἥψατο μὲν οὐδενός οὐδὲ ἄλλον εἴασε, μεταπεμψάμενος δὲ τοὺς φίλους αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς διοικητάς ἐκέλευε [p. 96] πάντα διοικεῖν1 καὶ φυλάσσειν ὡς Ἀράτῳ λόγον ὑφέξοντας: [3] ἰδίᾳ δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔπεμψε Τρίπυλον καὶ πάλιν Μεγιστόνουν τὸν πατρῳόν ὑπισχνούμενος ἄλλα τε πολλὰ καὶ δώδεκα τάλαντα σύνταξιν ἐνιαύσιον, ὑπερβαλλόμενος τῷ ἡμίσει Πτολεμαῖον ἐκεῖνος γὰρ ἓξ τάλαντα τῷ Ἀράτῳ κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν ἀπέστελλεν. ἠξίου δὲ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἡγεμὼν ἀναγορευθῆναι καὶ κοινῇ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν φυλάσσειν τὸν Ἀκροκόρινθον. [4] τοῦ δὲ Ἀράτου φήσαντος ὡς οὐκ ἔχοι τὰ πράγματα, μᾶλλον δὲ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν ἔχοιτο, καὶ κατειρωνεύσασθαι δόξαντος, ἐμβαλὼν εὐθὺς τὴν Σικυωνίαν ἐπόρθει καὶ κατέφθειρε καὶ προσεκάθητο τῇ πόλει τρεῖς μῆνας, ἐγκαρτεροῦντος τοῦ Ἀράτου καὶ διαποροῦντος εἰ δέξεται τὸν Ἀντίγονον ἐπὶ τῷ παραδοῦναι τὸν Ἀκροκόρινθον: ἄλλως γὰρ οὐκ ἐβούλετο βοηθεῖν. οἱ μὲν οὖν Ἀχαιοὶ συνεληλυθότες εἰς Αἴγιον ἐκεῖ τὸν Ἄρατον ἐκάλουν. ἦν δὲ κίνδυνος, τοῦ Κλεομένους πρὸς τῇ πόλει στρατοπεδεύοντος, διελθεῖν. καὶ κατεῖχον οἱ πολῖται, δεόμενοι καὶ προήσεσθαι τὸ σῶμα τῶν πολεμίων ἐγγὺς ὄντων οὐ φάσκοντες: ἐξήρτηντο δὲ αὐτοῦ καὶ γυναῖκες ἤδη καὶ παῖδες ὥσπερ πατρὸς κοινοῦ καὶ σωτῆρος περιεχόμενοι καὶ δακρύοντες. [2] οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ θαρρύνας καὶ παραμυθησάμενος αὐτούς ἐξίππευσεν ἐπὶ τὴν θάλατταν, ἔχων δέκα φίλους καὶ τὸν [p. 98] υἱὸν ἤδη νεανίαν ὄντα: καὶ παρορμούντων ἐκεῖ πλοίων, ἐπιβάντες εἰς Αἴγιον παρεκομίσθησαν ἐπὶ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, ἐν ᾗ καλεῖν τὸν Ἀντίγονον ἐψηφίσαντο καὶ παραδιδόναι τὸν Ἀκροκόρινθον. [3] ἔπεμψε δὲ καὶ τὸν υἱὸν Ἄρατος πρὸς αὐτὸν μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ὁμήρων, ἐφ᾽ οἷς οἱ Κορίνθιοι χαλεπῶς φέροντες τά τε χρήματα διήρπασαν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν οἰκίαν τῷ Κλεομένει δωρεὰν ἔδωκαν. τοῦ δ᾽ Ἀντιγόνου πρὸς προσιόντος ἤδη μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως ἦγε δὲ πεζοὺς δισμυρίους Μακεδόνας, ἱππεῖς δὲ χιλίους καὶ τριακοσίους ἀπήντα μετὰ τῶν δημιουργῶν ὁ Ἄρατος αὐτῷ κατὰ θάλατταν εἰς Πηγάς, λαθὼν τοὺς πολεμίους, οὐ πάνυ τι θαρρῶν τὸν Ἀντίγονον οὐδὲ πιστεύων τοῖς Μακεδόσιν. ᾔδει γὰρ ηὐξημένον ἑαυτὸν ἐζ ὧν ἐκείνους κακῶς ἐποίησε καὶ πρώτην εἰληφότα μεγίστην ὑπόθεσιν τῆς πολιτείας τὴν πρὸς Ἀντίγονον τὸν παλαιὸν ἔχθραν. [2] ἀλλὰ ὁρῶν ἀπαραίτητον ἐπικειμένην ἀνάγκην καὶ τὸν καιρόν, ᾧ δουλεύουσιν οἱ δοκοῦντες ἄρχειν, ἐχώρει πρὸς τὸ δεινόν. ὁ δὲ Ἀντίγονος, ὥς τις αὐτῷ προσιόντα τὸν Ἄρατον ἔφρασε, τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους ἠσπάσατο μετρίως καὶ κοινῶς, ἐκεῖνον δὲ καὶ περὶ τὴν πρώτην ἀπάντησιν ἐδέξατο τῇ τιμῇ περιττῶς, καὶ τἆλλα πειρώμενος ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ καὶ νοῦν ἔχοντος ἐνδοτέρω τῆς χρείας προσηγάγετο. [3] καὶ γὰρ ἦν ὁ Ἄρατος οὐ μόνον ἐν πράγμασι [p. 100] μεγάλοις ὠφέλιμος, ἀλλὰ καὶ σχολάζοντι βασιλεῖ συγγενέσθαι παρ᾽ ὁντινοῦν ἐπίχαρις. διό, καίπερ ὢν νέος ὁ Ἀντίγονος, ὡς κατενόησε τὴν φύσιν τοῦ ἀνδρὸς μηδὲν ἀργὸν εἰς φιλίαν βασιλικὴν οὖσαν, οὐ μόνον Ἀχαιῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ Μακεδόνων τῶν σὺν αὐτῷ πάντων μάλιστα1 χρώμενος ἐκείνῳ διετέλει: [4] καὶ τὸ σημεῖον ἀπέβαινεν ὡς ὁ θεὸς ἐπὶ τῶν ἱερῶν ἔδειξε. λέγεται γὰρ οὐ πρὸ πολλοῦ θύοντι τῷ Ἀράτῳ δύο χολὰς ἐν ἥπατι φανῆναι μιᾷ πιμελῇ περιεχομένας: καὶ τὸν μάντιν εἰπεῖν ὡς ταχὺ πρὸς τὰ ἔχθιστα καὶ πολεμιώτατα σύνεισιν εἰς ἄκραν φιλίαν. τότε μὲν οὖν παρήνεγκε τὸ ῥηθέν, οὐδὲ ἄλλως πολὺ νέμων πίστεως ἱεροῖς καὶ μαντεύμασιν, ἀλλὰ τῷ λογισμῷ χρώμενος, [5] ἐπεὶ δὲ ὕστερον εὖ χωροῦντι τῷ πολέμῳ συναγαγὼν ὁ Ἀντίγονος ἑστίασιν ἐν Κορίνθῳ καὶ πολλοὺς ὑποδεχόμενος τὸν Ἄρατον ἐπάνω κατέκλινεν ἑαυτοῦ, καὶ μετὰ μικρὸν αἰτήσας περιβόλαιον ἠρώτησεν εἰ δοκεῖ κἀκείνῳ ψῦχος εἶναι, τοῦ δὲ καὶ πάνυ ῥιγοῦν φήσαντος, ἐκέλευσε προσχωρεῖν ἐγγυτέρω καὶ δάπιδος κομισθείσης ἀμφοτέρους ὁμοῦ περιέβαλον οἱ παῖδες, τότε δὴ τὸν Ἄρατον ἀναμνησθέντα τῶν ἱερῶν ἐκείνων γέλως ἔλαβε, καὶ διηγεῖτο τῷ βασιλεῖ τὸ σημεῖον καὶ τὴν προαγόρευσιν. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἐπράχθη χρόνοις ὕστερον. ἐν δὲ ταῖς Πηγαῖς δόντες καὶ λαβόντες ὅρκους εὐθὺς ἐβάδιζον ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους, καὶ περὶ τὴν πόλιν ἀγῶνες ἦσαν, εὖ πεφραγμένου τοῦ Κλεομένους καὶ τῶν Κορινθίων ἀμυνομένων προθύμως. ἐν τούτῳ δὲ Ἀριστοτέλης ὁ Ἀργεῖος φίλος ὢν Ἀράτου διαπέμπεται κρύφα πρὸς αὐτόν, ὡς ἀποστήσων τὴν πόλιν, εἰ στρατιώτας ἐκεῖνος ἔχων ἔλθοι. [2] τοῦ δὲ Ἀράτου φράσαντος τῷ Ἀντιγόνῳ καὶ μετὰ χιλίων καὶ πεντακοσίων εἰς Ἐπίδαυρον ἐξ Ἰσθμοῦ πλοίοις κομιζομένου κατὰ τάχος, οἱ μὲν Ἀργεῖοι προεξαναστάντες ἐπέθεντο τοῖς τοῦ Κλεομένους καὶ κατέκλεισαν εἰς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν, ὁ δὲ Κλεομένης πυθόμενος ταῦτα, καὶ δείσας μὴ κατασχόντες οἱ πολέμιοι τὸ Ἄργος ἀποκόψωσιν αὐτὸν τῆς οἴκαδε σωτηρίας, ἐκλιπὼν Τὸν Ἀκροκόρινθον ἔτι νυκτὸς ἐβοήθει. [3] καὶ παρελθὼν μὲν εἰς Ἄργος ἔφθη καὶ τροπήν τινα τῶν πολεμίων ἐποίησεν, ὀλίγῳ δὲ ὕστερον Ἀράτου προσφερομένου καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιφαινομένου μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως ἀπεχώρησεν εἰς Μαντίνειαν. ἐκ τούτου τοῖς μὲν Ἀχαιοῖς πάλιν αἱ πόλεις ἅπασαι προσεχώρησαν, Ἀντίγονος δὲ Τὸν Ἀκροκόρινθον παρέλαβεν, Ἄρατος δὲ στρατηγὸς αἱρεθεὶς ὑπ᾽ Ἀργείων ἔπεισεν αὐτοὺς Ἀντιγόνῳ τά τε τῶν τυράννων καὶ τὰ τῶν προδοτῶν χρήματα δωρεὰν δοῦναι. […]ἤδη δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἐκείνῳ τὰς αἰτίας ἐπέφερον, οἷον ὅτι τὴν μὲν Κορινθίων πόλιν Ἀντιγόνῳ δωρεὰν ἔδωκαν, ὥσπερ κώμην τὴν τυχοῦσαν, τὸν Ὀρχομενὸν δὲ συνεχώρησαν αὐτῷ διαρπάσαντι φρουρὰν ἐμβαλεῖν Μακεδονικήν, ἐψηφίσαντο δὲ ἄλλῳ μὴ γράφειν βασιλεῖ μηδὲ πρεσβεύειν πρὸς ἄλλον ἄκοντος Ἀντιγόνου,
[2] τρέφειν τε καὶ μισθοδοτεῖν ἠναγκάζοντο τοὺς Μακεδόνας, θυσίας δὲ καὶ πομπὰς καὶ ἀγῶνας Ἀντιγόνῳ συνετέλουν, ἀρξαμένων τῶν Ἀράτου πολιτῶν καὶ δεξαμένων τῇ πόλει τὸν Ἀντίγονον ὑπ᾽ Ἀράτου ξενιζόμενον, ᾐτιῶντο πάντων ἐκεῖνον, ἀγνοοῦντες ὅτι τὰς ἡνίας ἐκείνῳ παραδεδωκὼς καὶ τῇ ῥύμῃ τῆς βασιλικῆς ἐφελκόμενος ἐξουσίας οὐδενὸς ἦν ἢ μόνης φωνῆς ἔτι κύριος, ἐπισφαλῆ τὴν παρρησίαν ἐχούσης […].
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Übersetzung: Bernadotte Perrin
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Übersetzung:
But a few of the Achaeans came together with Aratus at Sicyon; and in an assembly there held he was chosen general with full powers. And now he surrounded himself with a guard from among his own citizens. For three-and-thirty years he had directed public affairs among the Achaeans, and had enjoyed more power and reputation than any other Greek; but now, abandoned by his allies and helplessly crushed, he was like one drifting about in great surge and peril on the wreck of his native city. [2] For the Aetolians refused him their aid when he asked for it, and the Athenians, whom gratitude made eager to help him, were prevented by Eurycleides and Micion. As for the house and property belonging to Aratus in Corinth, Cleomenes would not touch them at all, nor permit anyone else to do so, but sent for the friends and stewards of Aratus and ordered them to administer and watch over everything as though they are to render an account to Aratus. [3] Moreover, he privately sent Tripylus to Aratus, and afterwards Megistonoüs, his stepfather, promising to give him, besides many other things, a yearly pension of twelve talents, thus doubling the amount which Aratus received annually from Ptolemy; for he sent six talents each year to Aratus.1 Cleomenes demanded, however, that he should be proclaimed leader of the Achaeans, and together with them should have the keeping of Acrocorinthus. [4] Aratus made answer that he did not control affairs, but rather was controlled by them; whereupon Cleomenes, thinking himself mocked, at once invaded the territory of Sicyon, ravaged and laid it waste, and encamped before the city three months. All this while Aratus held out patiently, and debated with himself whether he should accept Antigonus as an ally on condition of handing over to him Acrocorinthus! for on any other terms Antigonus was unwilling to give him help. Accordingly, the Achaeans came together at Aegium and invited Aratus thither. But there was danger in his trying to get there, since Cleomenes was encamped before Sicyon. Besides, the citizens tried to detain him, beseeching him not to go and refusing to let him expose himself while the enemy were near; and presently the women and children were clinging to him and tearfully embracing him as a common father and preserver. [2] Nevertheless, after encouraging and comforting them, he rode out to the sea, accompanied by ten friends and by his son, who was now a young man. Vessels were lying at anchor off the shore, and upon these the party were conveyed to Aegium, where the assembly was sitting. Here it was voted to call in Antigonus and hand over to him Acrocorinthus. [3] Aratus even sent his son to Antigonus with the other hostages. At this the Corinthians were indignant; they plundered his property and made a present of his house to Cleomenes. And now, as Antigonus was approaching with his forces (he was followed by twenty thousand Macedonian footmen and thirteen hundred horse), Aratus, in company with his High Councillors,1 went by sea to meet him at Pegae, eluding the enemy. He had no very great confidence in Antigonus, and put no trust in the Macedonians. For he knew that his own rise to power had been a consequence of the harm he had done to them, and that he had found the first and the chief basis for his conduct of affairs in his hatred towards the former Antigonus. [2] But seeing how inexorable was the necessity laid upon him in the demands of the hour, to which those we call rulers are slaves, he went on towards the dread ordeal. But Antigonus, when he was told that Aratus was coming to him, gave the rest of the party an ordinary and moderate welcome; Aratus, however, he received at this first meeting with superlative honour, and afterwards, finding him to be a man of worth and wisdom, drew him in closer intimacy to himself. [3] For Aratus was not only helpful in large undertakings, but also more acceptable than anyone else as a companion in the king’s leisure hours. Therefore, although Antigonus was young, as soon as he perceived that Aratus was naturally well fitted to be a king’s friend, he continually treated him with greater intimacy than anyone else, whether of the Achaeans, or of the Macedonians in his following; […] At Pegae Antigonus and Aratus exchanged oaths of fidelity, and straightway marched against the enemy at Corinth. And there were conflicts about the city, Cleomenes being well fortified, and the Corinthians defending themselves with ardour. Meanwhile, however, Aristotle the Argive, who was a friend of Aratus, sent secretly to him and promised to bring his city to revolt from Cleomenes if Aratus would come thither with soldiers. [2] So Aratus, after informing Antigonus, took fifteen hundred men and sailed from the Isthmus to Epidaurus with all speed.1 But the Argives, revolting prematurely, attacked the garrison of Cleomenes and shut them up in the citadel, and Cleomenes, learning of this, and fearing that if his enemies got possession of Argos they would cut him off from a safe return home, abandoned Acrocorinthus while it was still night and went to their aid. [3] He succeeded in getting into Argos first, routing some of the enemy on the way; but shortly afterwards Aratus came up, and Antigonus showed himself with his forces, and Cleomenes therefore retreated to Mantineia. Upon this the cities all came over to the Achaeans again, Acrocorinthus was handed over to Antigonus, and Aratus, having been chosen general by the Argives, persuaded them to make a present to Antigonus of the property of the tyrants and of the traitors. […]Presently, too, men began to blame Aratus for whatever else was done, as, for instance, that the Achaeans made a present to Antigonus of the city of Corinth, as if it had been an ordinary village; that they allowed the king to plunder Orchomenus and put a Macedonian garrison in it; that they decreed not to write or send an embassy to any other king against the wishes of Antigonus; [2] that they were forced to furnish supplies and pay for the Macedonian troops; and that they celebrated sacrifices, processions, and games in honour of Antigonus, the fellow-citizens of Aratus leading the way and receiving Antigonus into their city, where he was the guest of Aratus. For all these things men blamed Aratus, not knowing that, since he had entrusted the reins to the king and was dragged along in the wake of the king’s power, he was no longer master of anything except his tongue, which it was dangerous for him to use with freedom […].
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Plut. Aratos 41.1 – 43.3, 44.1 – 44.3, 45.1 – 45.2
Leitfragen:
1) Wie beschreibt Plutarch das Zustandekommen des Bündnisses zwischen den Achäern und den Makedonen und seine Folgen?
2) Wie ist das Handeln des Aratos zu bewerten?
3) Was bedeutete das Bündnis für die Makedonen?
Kommentar:
In dieser Quellenpassage aus der Aratos-Vita des Plutarch erfahren wir von dem Hilfegesuch des Aratos bei dem makedonischen König Antigonos Doson. Aratos, der, wie Plutarch beschreibt, zum Feldherren des Achäischen Bundes gewählt wurde, sah sich aufgrund der drohenden Gefahr durch den Spartaner Kleomenes III. und die verweigerte Hilfe von Seiten der Aitoler und Athener gezwungen, eine Versammlung einzuberufen, um darüber zu beraten, ob man Antigonos zum Preis der Übergabe Akrokorinths zu Hilfe gegen Kleomenes rufen solle. Nachdem in der Versammlung beschlossen wurde, Antigonos um Hilfe zu bitten und ihm Akrokorinth zu überlassen, reiste Aratos dem einstigen Feind entgegen, um ihm das Hilfegesuch zu unterbreiten. Die Korinther selbst, wie Plutarch in der obigen Quellenstelle beschreibt, waren über den Lauf desr Dinge so erzürnt, dass sie die korinthischen Besitzungen des Aratos plünderten und dem Kleomenes schenkten. Aratos gelangte derweil mit einem Schiff zu Antigonos, welcher den achäischen Feldherren, anders als befürchtet, mit hohen Ehren empfing. Plutarch beschreibt, wie sich die gegenseitige Anerkennung der beiden Herrscher sogar zu einer Freundschaft entwickelte. Schnell wurde der Vertrag vereinbart und gemeinsam rückten die Achäer und die Makedonen gegen den Feind vor, wobei sie Argos zum Abfall von Sparta brachten und Antigonos, wie ausgemacht, Akrokorinth besetzte. Die Achäer machten Aratos jedoch Vorwürfe, dass er Antoginos Korinth so leichtfertig überlassen hatte und sie nun gegen Antigonosʼ Willen keine Briefe oder Gesandschaften an andere Könige mehr senden durften oder für die Verpflegung und Besoldung des makedonischen Heeres aufkommen mussten.
Als der Spartanerkönig Kleomenes seine Herrschaft skrupellos ausbaute, musste Aratos, führender Politiker des Achäischen Bundes, darauf reagieren. Es kam daher zu einer gänzlich politischen Neuausrichtung des Achäischen Bunes: Aratos ließ sich auf eine Kooperation mit dem makedonischen König Antigonos ein, dem er im Gegenzug für seine Hilfe die Festung von Korinth versprach. Vielleicht hielt Aratos eine Verbindung mit den Makedonen für weniger gefährlich als die Expansion des Klemones und hoffte, dass Antigonos ihm mehr Spielraum für eigene Aktivitäten ließ. Bei Plutarch erfahren wir jedoch, dass die Achäer Aratos für diese Entscheidung scharf verurteilten. Viele Griechen empfanden die große Wende in der Politik des Aratos, der einst im Zuge seines politischen Aufstieges die Makedonen energisch bekämpfte und nun Hilfe bei der einst verfeindeten Großmacht suchte, als Verrat an der hellenischen Sache.
Der Konflikt zwischen den aufstrebenden Spartanern und den davon betroffenen Peloponnesiern wirkte sich zu Gunsten der Makedonen aus. Durch die Not, in die die Achäer geraten waren, und ihe Hinwendung zu Antigonos erhielten sie nicht nur Akrokorinth zurück, sondern es gelang ihnen auch, ein grundsätzliches Wohlwollen von den Peloponnesier zu erhalten. Dadurch entwickelte sich ein Klima, in welchem künftige politische Kooperationen möglich wurden. So gelang es Doson etwa, nach den erfolgreichen Kämpfen gegen Kleomenes alle einst mit dem Spartaner verbündeten Staaten zu einem Bund unter seiner Vormacht zu vereinen und somit eine Neuauflage des von seinen Vorfahren geführten Hellenenbundes zu schaffen. In diesem Verbund, in welchem der makedonische König die überragende Stellung einnahm, wurden die Spartaner 222 v. Chr. in einer vernichtenden Schlacht geschlagen. Antigonos Doson war durch die Auseinandersetzung zwischen den Achäern und Kleomenes völlig legitim in eine Rolle gekommen, in welcher er die Vorherrschaft in Griechenland erneuern konnte. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt war die makedonische Herrschaft in Griechenland so eindeutig, wie sie es seit Alexander dem Großen nicht mehr gewesen war.
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Podcast-Hinweise
Sehen Sie zu dieser Quelle auch den Podcast „Die Antigoniden und die Bünde“. Um einen breiteren Einblick in den griechischen Hellenismus zu erhalten, sehen Sie auch die Podcastreihe „Griechische Geschichte III – Hellenismus“.
Hier geht’s zum Podcast